Do Know Evil - A Blog by Tyler Mulligan » Programming

Python Multi-head X (Nvidia TwinView / Dual Monitor) Development Notes

Tyler Mulligan — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 23:29:24 +0000

Preface

The following development notes were written after researching the underlying handling of dual monitors in the X window system on Linux. I’ve included a code snippet that I built to help demonstrate behavior and create a proof of concept to show I can determine which monitor a window is on using only python and no statically set coordinates.

Introduction

I mentioned in my previous post that I’m using an nVidia video card with “TwinView” software that outputs my video as if it were one screen, which it technically is, one X screen. This means that the distinction between monitors is not mapped in the X tree, it’s handled by the window manager. Unlike Xinerama, which has an x session per monitor and stitches them together. Xinerama, however, has is being deprecated in favor of RandR but regardless, TwinView is my choice and is not an option for me to change to.

With all of that said, the decision to bridge python to c that interfaces with compiz is a deadend and would be better implemented based on the new 0.9.0 C++ api. It would be nice to be able to return a list of windows from a “monitor” object. However, that’s beyond my current scope. I was able to whip up some python that to show that implementing the monitor management in python using the gtk module isn’t /that/ hacky. I emphasize because I read some posts that claimed window decorations could be an issue in accurate calculations.

Some Code

Read the comment on line 2. Learn more about pygtk here

#!/usr/bin/python
# Print some information about the X environment, the monitor setup, currently active window and cursor position
import gtk.gdk
 
screen = gtk.gdk.screen_get_default()
print "X default screen size: %d x %d" % (screen.get_width(), screen.get_height())
print "xid of root window: %d" % screen.get_root_window().xid
 
monitors = int(screen.get_n_monitors())
print "== %d monitors ==" % monitors
for m in range(0, monitors):
    print " - geometry of monitor %d: %s" % (m, screen.get_monitor_geometry(m))
 
window = screen.get_active_window()
win_x, win_y, win_w, win_h, win_bit_depth = window.get_geometry()
print "active window on monitor: %d" % screen.get_monitor_at_point((win_x+(win_w/2)),(win_y+(win_h/2)))
print "window geometry (x,y,w,h): %d, %d, %d, %d" % (win_x,win_y,win_w,win_h)
 
display = gtk.gdk.display_get_default()
pointer = display.get_pointer()
print "cursor position (x, y): %d, %d" % (pointer[1], pointer[2])
print "cursor on monitor: %d" % screen.get_monitor_at_point(pointer[1],pointer[2])

thanks to those in #compiz-dev and #python on freenode who helped me come around to create this snippet. I hope it will help others looking to develop for multi-head setups in Linux. Please let me know if I missed anything or did something incorrectly, this is new territory for me.

Compiz 0.9.0 Released – Completely Rewritten in C++

Tyler Mulligan — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 02:44:16 +0000

I was doing some in depth research / code hacking regarding the support of multi-headed output (dual monitors) on Linux. I won’t get into details but my video is being output to my monitors as “one screen” with a virtual distinctions handled by the window manager. Because of this, figuring out which of the monitors you are on isn’t as straight forward as you might think. Originally I was looking for a way to access the c functions in compiz through python but that point is now moot (likely for the better).

The first unstable release of the Compiz 0.9 series, completely rewritten in C++. As said, this “brings a whole new developer API, splits rendering into plugins, switches the buildsystem from automake to cmake and brings minor functionality improvements. This release represents the first developer and tester preview of what will eventually make the 0.10.x stable series. Please note that as such, it is not yet ready for general use as there are a number of known ssues, regressions and incomplete functionality.”

Here is a SLIGHTLY DATED graph I got from Santiance.com.

This is a really interesting turning point for the project and I’m glad I came across this while doing my research for multi-head handling in compiz. Knowing where the future lies could drastically change where I put my efforts in developing to support them.

New Python eBook, Much Better, Down and Dirty

Tyler Mulligan — Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:50:14 +0000

Some friends recommended a book that’s a quicker pace with some better programming practices. Learn Python The Hard way (or quick way ). It reads more like a walk-through tutorial / quick reference and gives you easily repeatable programming practices that will get you a stronger feel for the language. It’s probably best used in combination with the Python Documentation. Also, a fair warning, Dive Into Python has war declared against it.

scp-notifications for GNOME and Ubuntu – Expanding on My Original Python Script

Tyler Mulligan — Sun, 27 Jun 2010 00:11:15 +0000

I’ve only been coding Python for ~12 hours total, so don’t expect this to be perfect. Knowing what I know about creating/testing other software and doing my best to scour through very light pynotify documentation, I’ve begun to build out this script to be more useful / portable / configurable. As the Version 0.6 indicates, I’m not quite at my goal yet and there is still more to learn to bring it up to that point.

I’m releasing this early on my blog just in case I caught any people yesterday who’ve been experimenting with my research / code so far. I’ll share it on github when I evolve it just a bit more.

Video of it in Action

#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Title: scp-notifications
# Author: Tyler Mulligan (tyler@detrition.net)
# Date: 06/26/2010
# Version: 0.6
# Description:
# Used in combination with an event, such as an action or cronjob, this script
# will scp the latest file from a folder to your server.
#
# Optionally, it can copy the url to your clipboard and/or show a popup with a
# link to the file after succesfully uploading
#
# Orginally developed to be piped to from compiz screenshot tool
# http://interwebninja.com/videos/compiz-screenshot-piped-to-notification-daemon-for-upload.ogv
#
# The MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2010 Tyler Mulligan
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE
#
 
import pygtk
pygtk.require('2.0')
import pynotify
import gtk
import sys
import os
import subprocess
 
# Set Variables
#####################################
user = "user"
host = "server.com"
# All should have trailing slashes
lfolder = "/home/user/screenshots/"
hfolder = "/home/remote_user/screenshots/"
httplink = "http://"+host+"/screenshots/"
 
 
# Display
#####################################
t1 = 5000 # timeout for screenshot upload dialog
t2 = 3000 # timeout for screenshot preview
t3 = 7000 # timeout for link dialog
 
screenshot_preview = 1 # If using with the compiz screenshot plugin, you may want this
popup_link = 1 # another popup
copy_to_clipboard = 0 # automatically copy text to keyboard
 
# Position
#####################################
 
# Get screensize < < used for relative positioning
display = gtk.gdk.display_get_default()
screen = display.get_default_screen()
x = screen.get_width() - 1
y = screen.get_height() - 1
 
# 0 for Automatic Placement
"""
x1 = 0
y1 = 0
x2 = 0
y2 = 0
x3 = 0
y3 = 0
"""
# Define Relative Position (assuming top-right)
x1 = x-1
y1 = 12
x2 = x1
y2 = y1 + 100
x3 = x-1
y3 = 12
# Define Static (1920 puts it on my second monitor)
"""
x1 = 1919
y1 = 12
x2 = x1
y2 = y1 + 100
x3 = 1920
y3 = 12
"""
#####################################
 
def upload_cb(n, action):
    assert action == "upload" 
 
    subprocess.call(["scp", os.path.join(lfolder, f), '%s@%s:%s' % (user, host, hfolder)])
 
    # setup URL in 
    if copy_to_clipboard:
        clipboard = gtk.clipboard_get()
        clipboard.set_text(httplink + f)
        # make our data available to other applications
        clipboard.store()
 
    # Notification: Link for the clicking
    if popup_link:
        n3 = pynotify.Notification("Here is your link","" + httplink + f + "")
 
        helper = gtk.Button()
        icon = helper.render_icon(gtk.STOCK_DIALOG_INFO, gtk.ICON_SIZE_DIALOG)
        n3.set_icon_from_pixbuf(icon)
 
        n3.set_urgency(pynotify.URGENCY_NORMAL)
        if x3:
            n3.set_hint("x", x3)
        if y3:
            n3.set_hint("y", y3)
        n3.set_timeout(t3)
        n3.connect("closed",closen3_cb)
 
        if not n3.show():
            print "Failed to send notification"
            sys.exit(1)
 
        closen1_cb(n1)
        closen2_cb(n2)
 
    gtk.main_quit()
    sys.exit(1)
 
# Notification 1 was closed
def closen1_cb(n):
    n1.close()
    if screenshot_preview:
        n2.close()
    gtk.main_quit()
 
# Notification 2 was closed
def closen2_cb(n):
    n2.close()
    gtk.main_quit()
 
# Notification 2 was closed
def closen3_cb(n):
    n3.close()
    gtk.main_quit()
 
# The Ignore button was clicked
def ignore_cb(n, action):
    assert action == "ignore"
 
    closen1_cb(n1)
    closen2_cb(n2)
    gtk.main_quit()
 
# Main
def main():
    gtk.main()
 
# Init
if __name__ == '__main__':
    if not pynotify.init("Notifier 'scp' Option"):
        sys.exit(1)
 
    # Get latest file and build uri
    start = os.path.abspath(lfolder)
    f = max([(os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(start,p)),p)
         for p in os.listdir(start)])[1]
    uri = lfolder + f
 
    # Notification: Upload to Server
    n1 = pynotify.Notification("Upload to Server?","Copy the file '" + f + "' to the server?")
 
    helper = gtk.Button()
    icon = helper.render_icon(gtk.STOCK_DIALOG_QUESTION, gtk.ICON_SIZE_DIALOG)
    n1.set_icon_from_pixbuf(icon)
 
    n1.set_urgency(pynotify.URGENCY_NORMAL)
    if x1:
        n1.set_hint("x", x1)
    if y1:
        n1.set_hint("y", y1)
    n1.set_timeout(t1)
    n1.add_action("upload", "Yes, Upload", upload_cb)
    n1.add_action("ignore", "Ignore", ignore_cb)
    n1.connect("closed",closen1_cb)
 
    if not n1.show():
        print "Failed to send notification"
        sys.exit(1)
 
    # Notification: Screenshot Preview
    if screenshot_preview:
        n2 = pynotify.Notification("Screenshot Preview", "", uri)
        n2.set_urgency(pynotify.URGENCY_LOW)
        if x2:
            n2.set_hint("x", x2)
        if y2:
            n2.set_hint("y", y2)
        n2.set_timeout(t2)
        n2.connect("closed",closen2_cb)
 
        if not n2.show():
            print "Failed to send notification"
            sys.exit(1)
 
    main()

I also rigged up a quick gallery script to parse the incoming images http://interwebninja.com/screenshots/ — I used AutoGeneratingGallery for this.

Ubuntu Notifications (osd-notify) Sucks, notifications-daemon Rocks – Exploiting the Goodness with Compiz

Tyler Mulligan — Sat, 26 Jun 2010 04:47:40 +0000

Introduction

The long name for this blog used to be “Tyler Mulligan’s Tips and Tricks for Increasing your Efficiency“. I love finding ways to increase my efficiency and let computers do the work while I focus on more interests aspects of what the computer is providing me with. When I recognize an issue, I find a way to cut out time by streamlining the process for the most accurate repetition, like any programmer would/should/could.

I noticed myself taking a lot of screenshots with compiz’ built in screenshot tool (I can hold a hotkey and drag a box to take newspaper style clippings). This is very fast and simple, I highly recommend enabling this option and getting used to it. However, I don’t care much for clicking around on clunky websites to upload images.

This is where my adventure starts… when I find out a very useful feature was deprecated and not replaced in Ubuntu. I don’t use the new notification area, it has too much I don’t need, I never liked the behavior of these new osd-notify notifications which I found out now are even more worthless (sorry team).

Using Sane Notifications in Ubuntu

After reinstalling the GNOME default notifications system in Ubuntu I was able to use SANE notifications that actually… KICK ASS! I don’t understand how osd-notify is better than these which even comes with it’s own notification properties panel. Maybe it’s an under the hood thing…

Regardless, there is no doubt in my mind that notifications that you hover, can still slightly see but click through but cannot perform any actions, even a close, are just plan stupid and annoying..

Screenshot of the script I ended up writing using the “better” notification system to ask me if I want to upload the screenshot I just took to the server.

Linking the notifications

I linked the notifications the following way:

Python Script for Notification that Prompts for File Upload to Server

Knowing diddly squat about Python, I chugged forward with my classic notification popups that allow for interaction as it had the most activity around it and some examples available in /usr/share/doc/python-notify/examples/

I ended coming up with the following script thanks to some help from a few people in #python on irc.freenode.org

This is outside of the scope of this blogpost but this script assumes you have setup passwordless ssh to your server.

#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Title: Notification 'scp' Option
# Author: Tyler Mulligan (tyler@detrition.net)
# Date: 06/25/2010
# Description:
# Used in combination with an event, such as an action or cron
# the latest file from a folder will be scped to your server and will copy
# the http location of the that file to your clipboard
#
# Orginally developed to be piped to from compiz screenshot tool
#
#
# The MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2010 Tyler Mulligan
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE
#
 
import pygtk
pygtk.require('2.0')
import gtk
import pynotify
import sys
import os
import subprocess
 
user = "user"
host = "server.com"
lfolder = "/home/user/screenshots/"
hfolder = "/home/remote_user/screenshots/"
httplink = "http://"+host+"/screenshots/"
timeout = 5000
 
# Set position
display = gtk.gdk.display_get_default()
screen = display.get_default_screen()
x = screen.get_width() - 1
y = screen.get_height() - 1
#x = 1919
#y = 12
 
def upload_cb(n, action):
    assert action == "upload"
 
    start = os.path.abspath(lfolder)
    f = max([(os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(start,x)),x)
          for x in os.listdir(start)])[1]
 
	# setup URL in clipboard
    clipboard = gtk.clipboard_get()
    clipboard.set_text(httplink + f)
    # make our data available to other applications
    clipboard.store()
 
    os.system('scp "%s" "%s@%s:%s"' % (lfolder + f, user, host, hfolder) ).wait()
 
    n.close()
    gtk.main_quit()
 
def ignore_cb(n, action):
    assert action == "ignore"
    n.close()
    gtk.main_quit()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    if not pynotify.init("Notifier 'scp' Option"):
        sys.exit(1)
 
	# Setup Popup
    n = pynotify.Notification("Upload to Server?")
    n.set_urgency(pynotify.URGENCY_NORMAL)
    n.set_timeout(timeout)                          
    n.set_category("device")
    n.add_action("upload", "Yes, Upload", upload_cb)
    n.add_action("ignore", "Ignore", ignore_cb)
 
    # Set position
    n.set_hint("x", x)
    n.set_hint("y", y)
 
    if not n.show():
        print "Failed to send notification"
        sys.exit(1)
 
    gtk.main()

edit: I updated the script with some position information — I love that I can put the notifications ANYWHERE on my screen. I also variablized the timeout.

edit 2: Here is a video of my improved script in action — I’ll post the source later

http://interwebninja.com/videos/compiz-screenshot-piped-to-notification-daemon-for-upload.ogv

Going Beyond

The Compiz example is just something that server my immediate needs. The possibilities are however endless. You can for example, link this script to a cron job asking you if you want to sync some other sort of file. Or perhaps you’d like to add multiple buttons to give yourself a folder / server choice.

Happy hacking

Random cow(ish) animals preaching quotes on Ubuntu 9.10

Tyler Mulligan — Thu, 04 Feb 2010 01:02:01 +0000

Looking for something interesting when I login to one of my servers, I decided to whip up the following script I appended to my ~/.bashrc file.

# fortune and cowsay are needed for the snippet to work, I had to install these first
sudo apt-get install fortune cowsay

COWDIR=/usr/share/cowsay/cows/; COWNUM=$(($RANDOM%$(ls $COWDIR | wc -l))); COWFILE=$(ls $COWDIR | sed -n ''$COWNUM'p'); fortune | cowsay -f $COWFILE

UPDATE:

Suggested by MrBougo, a shorter but perhaps more process intensive method:

fortune | cowsay -f $(ls /usr/share/cowsay/cows/ | shuf | head -n1)

random cowsay fortune

Breaking down the script, the first 3 parts create variables and the last command executes the cowsay and quote.

# defines the directory of the cow files
COWDIR=/usr/share/cowsay/cows/;
 
# Get a random number limited to the number of files in the directory, making clever use of % (mod) and adding 1 to make sure it doesn't return 0
COWNUM=$(($RANDOM%$(ls $COWDIR | wc -l))+1);
 
# list the contents of the cow dir again, pipe to sed and use the number as a random line to get the name of a file
COWFILE=$(ls $COWDIR | sed -n ''$COWNUM'p');
 
# use fortune to get a quote, pipe to cowsay and use the file as defined above
fortune | cowsay -f $COWFILE;

Using Nautilus Scripting Abilities to Integrate Right Click File Enqueues with mocp

Tyler Mulligan — Sun, 08 Nov 2009 15:09:20 +0000

Using moc player can prove to be both beneficial and challenging. I’ve found myself going back to exaile for a few hours on random days for the simplicity in file management via a GUI. Since I prefer to use a single media player and mocp is light weight and helpful in so many other ways to me… I knew I needed a solution. It dawned on me just today how simple that solution could be with nautilus scripts.

#!/bin/bash
# Enqueue with mocp
# by Tyler "-z-" Mulligan
#
# This is a nautilus script.  When placed in ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts
# and chmod +x you will have the ability to right click >> enqueue files
# or directories in mocp.
#
 
mocp -a "$@"

Some other tips… [ and ] silently skip back and forward respectively at a rate of 5sec per second held… this beats the left and arrows which work interactively at 1sec per sec.

? and h bring up the help, don’t forget this. Use this, learn the commands that work for you and happy listening.

Thanks to MrBougo again for helping me simplify the script further… I was originally using a for loop which is unnecessary as the quotes will help the variable expansion and mocp -a can accept multiple files/folders.

Reducing pageweight by compressing production css and js files

Tyler Mulligan — Fri, 04 Sep 2009 22:20:30 +0000

I’ve been a little obsessed with improving the speed of web pages via minified javascript and css files. YUI’s team not only agrees with this, they recommend gzipping your minified js and css files. For a while I’ve been calling YUI Compressor inside my push to production scripts to do the deed. However, with this new mention of gzipping, I think might be exploring other options such as the method mentioned on the page which originally linked me to that awesome YUI writeup; minifying and gzipping javascript and css on the fly using php.

Finding the difference in time between the first and last file in a folder using bash

Tyler Mulligan — Sat, 22 Aug 2009 15:40:58 +0000

I was working on running some statistics on log files and it required me to figure out the difference to increase the accuracy. I came up with the following bash script:

#!/bin/bash
# get the dates
start_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s)
end_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | head -n2 | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s)
 
# find the difference
difference=$((end_date-start_date))
 
# echo results
echo $end_date - $start_date = $difference seconds
echo $((difference/86400)) days

Which I originally wrote as a one liner:

start_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s); end_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | head -n2 | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s); difference=$((end_date-start_date)); echo $end_date - $start_date = $difference seconds; echo $((difference/86400)) days;

I got a little carried away and created this beast, which still isn’t as accurate as I need it to be but it did give me some information:

map_1=nordiccastle;map_2=dance;start_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s); end_date=$(date --utc --date "$(ls -Rt --full-time | head -n2 | tail -n1 | awk '{ print $6 }')" +%s); difference=$((end_date-start_date)); echo $... Read Moreend_date - $start_date = $difference seconds; echo logs for $((difference/86400)) days; map_1_ended=$(find -name *00*.log | xargs egrep -A 4 "endmatch|timelimit -1" |grep $map_1 |wc -l); map_1_played=$(find -name *00*.log | xargs egrep "gamestart" |grep $map_1 |wc -l); echo $map_1 endmatched $map_1_ended out of $map_1_played times played; map_2_ended=$(find -name *00*.log | xargs egrep -A 4 "endmatch|timelimit -1" |grep $map_2 |wc -l); map_2_played=$(find -name *00*.log | xargs egrep "gamestart" |grep $map_2 |wc -l); echo $map_2 endmatched $map_2_ended out of $map_2_played times played

It was used to see how many times a map was played and how many times it was voted to end the match.

It should really be a separate script to allow for more organization

Generating sequences of numbers or characters with bash

Tyler Mulligan — Sat, 15 Aug 2009 15:14:07 +0000

If you ever needed to generate a sequence of characters or numbers, the terminal (using bash) is a quick and easy way to do it. Lets explore some examples bash’s brace expansion:

$ echo {a..z}
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

by defining a start and end character with the ‘..’ in between, we tell bash to fill in the rest and echo a list for us. Those are all lowercase, what if you wanted uppercase? simple:

$ echo {A..Z}
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Or both, with a few extra characters in the mix:

$ echo {A..z}
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [  ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

It doesn’t always have to be a-z though,

$ echo {A..G}
A B C D E F G

This also works with numbers:

$ echo {0..9}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
echo {0..100}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Descending as well as ascending

$ echo {9..0}
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

There is another method to generate a sequence of numbers from the command line, rightfully called ‘seq’

$ seq 1 5
1
2
3
4
5

The difference here is that it’s delimited by a new line, however, we can override that with the -s (seperator) flag

$ seq -s " " 1 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10